Quarta-feira, Novembro 30, 2011
Dinâmicas de (re)invenção
Uma Ética do Cuidado, da Exigência e da Responsabilidade
Segunda-feira, Novembro 28, 2011
Organizações aprendentes
According to Peter Senge (1990: 3) learning organizations are:…organizations where people continually expand their capacity to create the results they truly desire, where new and expansive patterns of thinking are nurtured, where collective aspiration is set free, and where people are continually learning to see the whole together.
The basic rationale for such organizations is that in situations of rapid change only those that are flexible, adaptive and productive will excel. For this to happen, it is argued, organizations need to ‘discover how to tap people’s commitment and capacity to learn at all levels’ (ibid.: 4).
While all people have the capacity to learn, the structures in which they have to function are often not conducive to reflection and engagement. Furthermore, people may lack the tools and guiding ideas to make sense of the situations they face. Organizations that are continually expanding their capacity to create their future require a fundamental shift of mind among their members.
When you ask people about what it is like being part of a great team, what is most striking is the meaningfulness of the experience. People talk about being part of something larger than themselves, of being connected, of being generative. It become quite clear that, for many, their experiences as part of truly great teams stand out as singular periods of life lived to the fullest. Some spend the rest of their lives looking for ways to recapture that spirit. (Senge 1990: 13)
For Peter Senge, real learning gets to the heart of what it is to be human. We become able to re-create ourselves. This applies to both individuals and organizations. Thus, for a ‘learning organization it is not enough to survive. ‘”Survival learning” or what is more often termed “adaptive learning” is important – indeed it is necessary. But for a learning organization, “adaptive learning” must be joined by “generative learning”, learning that enhances our capacity to create’ (Senge 1990:14).
The dimension that distinguishes learning from more traditional organizations is the mastery of certain basic disciplines or ‘component technologies’. The five that Peter Senge identifies are said to be converging to innovate learning organizations. They are:
While all people have the capacity to learn, the structures in which they have to function are often not conducive to reflection and engagement. Furthermore, people may lack the tools and guiding ideas to make sense of the situations they face. Organizations that are continually expanding their capacity to create their future require a fundamental shift of mind among their members.
When you ask people about what it is like being part of a great team, what is most striking is the meaningfulness of the experience. People talk about being part of something larger than themselves, of being connected, of being generative. It become quite clear that, for many, their experiences as part of truly great teams stand out as singular periods of life lived to the fullest. Some spend the rest of their lives looking for ways to recapture that spirit. (Senge 1990: 13)
For Peter Senge, real learning gets to the heart of what it is to be human. We become able to re-create ourselves. This applies to both individuals and organizations. Thus, for a ‘learning organization it is not enough to survive. ‘”Survival learning” or what is more often termed “adaptive learning” is important – indeed it is necessary. But for a learning organization, “adaptive learning” must be joined by “generative learning”, learning that enhances our capacity to create’ (Senge 1990:14).
The dimension that distinguishes learning from more traditional organizations is the mastery of certain basic disciplines or ‘component technologies’. The five that Peter Senge identifies are said to be converging to innovate learning organizations. They are:
Systems thinking
Personal mastery
Mental models
Building shared vision
Team learning
Personal mastery
Mental models
Building shared vision
Team learning
He adds to this recognition that people are agents, able to act upon the structures and systems of which they are a part. All the disciplines are, in this way, ‘concerned with a shift of mind from seeing parts to seeing wholes, from seeing people as helpless reactors to seeing them as active participants in shaping their reality, from reacting to the present to creating the future’ (Senge 1990: 69). It is to the disciplines that we will now turn.
Domingo, Novembro 27, 2011
Tempo da implosão de mitos ... e a gramática da sua reconstrução outra
Um pequeno excerto de um texto de Joaquim Azevedo que será amanhã debatido numa tertúlia do SAME da UCP. Num texto de implosão de mitos, imperativo é um ensaio sobre o que nos foi cegando.O mito da necessidade: preciso de e de e de... A necessidade premente e constante, insaciável. Construimos uma gigantesca sociedade de consumo. Uma sociedade de “precisões” constantes e prementes, pois quanto menos se pensar melhor, desde que se consuma e alimente uma economia que se quer expandir a todo o custo, baseada apenas no lucro, tendo apenas como horizonte o lucro de quem empreende e investe. Elena Lasida e o seu “le goût de l’autre” e Luigino Bruni e a sua “ A ferida do outro”, são economistas que ajudam a pensar como este horizonte precisa e pode ser rompido.
O esgotamento dos recursos fica fora do horizonte de uma sociedade de necessidades e não de possibilidades e de escolhas conscientes. Mas, todos os dias precisamos de mais coisas e não nos perguntamos sobre o para que é que precisamos do que dizemos que precisamos. Cada dia mais escravos, cada dia à procura de consumir um pouco mais e um pouco mais longe, mais exótico, mais supostamente feliz. “Escravos felizes” é o que querem que sejamos, como diz....
O esgotamento dos recursos fica fora do horizonte de uma sociedade de necessidades e não de possibilidades e de escolhas conscientes. Mas, todos os dias precisamos de mais coisas e não nos perguntamos sobre o para que é que precisamos do que dizemos que precisamos. Cada dia mais escravos, cada dia à procura de consumir um pouco mais e um pouco mais longe, mais exótico, mais supostamente feliz. “Escravos felizes” é o que querem que sejamos, como diz....
E, no entanto, a Sabedoria está ao sair da porta, na soleira da nossa casa, à nossa espera para a levarmos, em cada dia. Como é que não nos exprimimos em termos de possibilidades e não em torno de necessidades e urgentes “precisões”? Possibilidades e “compossibilidades”, ou seja, possibilidades erguidas em comum, numa dado território e tempo. Não será por aí que se pode gerar outro modo de vida em comum, pelo “e porque não?”, pela compossibilidade?
Sábado, Novembro 26, 2011
Mapas da perdição?
(...)Qual poderia ser o significado de mapear nossa sociedade, i.e. uma sociedade mencionada no discurso educacional e político como sociedade da aprendizagem? Seriam esses mapas traçados e apresentados tendo-se em mente algum leitor específico? Dirigem-se os cartógrafos a alguém que careça de orientação, alguém que não esteja conseguindo encontrar seu caminho, alguém que não tem em suas mãos um mapa cuidadosamente desenhado? Estamos nos inserindo como cartógrafos numa posição kantiana crítica, alegando que o que é necessário em nossa sociedade são guias ou orientações para nosso pensamento? (KANT, 1786/1981) Queremos dar uma orientação? (ELDEN, 2001) Queremos ajudar a encontrar um lugar no mundo? (CRAMPTON, 2004) E queremos pedir que o leitor julgue se progredimos? Certamente que não, visto que tínhamos outra coisa em mente. Acreditamos ― e esta é uma confissão sem endereçamento ― que o que está e deveria estar em jogo são gestos de desorientação e mapas que estão nos ajudando a nos perder, mapas que não simplificam, mas tornam tudo mais complexo, mapas que não nos dão uma visão geral qualquer, tampouco uma visão libertadora qualquer, mas que libertam nossa visão.
(...)
CURRÍCULO E MUDANÇA
O artigo focaliza as mudanças contextuais e paradigmáticas que influenciam o currículo escolar e interferem nas práticas docentes, considerando os aspectos históricos, culturais e políticos, que as instigam. Analisa-se a expressão dessa influência sobre os processos e práticas curriculares desenvolvidos por professores definidos como catalisadores críticos - agentes que assimilam criticamente as necessidades do ensino e formação humana no contexto atual, transpondo-as para suas práticas. São considerados os desafios, processos culturais híbridos, pedagógicos e de inovação identificados nas práticas curriculares docentes. As posições conceituais de análise da pesquisa são baseadas nas teorizações e categorias de Shulman, pesquisador que evidenciou a partir de 1980, os processos das práticas docentes no trabalho curricular. Na análise, busca-se na cultura escolar, e nos conceitos de Bourdieu os processos estabilizadores do habitus, que não impedem novas práticas no entanto. Ao sinalizar referenciais que emergem das práticas docente catalisadoras críticas, visa-se contribuir com o trabalho curricular e a formação docente para a escola contemporanea.Palavras-chave: Currículo; Mudança; Formação docente; Práticas docentes catalisadoras críticas
VIVER A 10%
A crónica de Miguel Santos Guerra:Hace un tiempo que vengo pensando que muchas personas viven al ralentí ralentí, y, además, con el freno echado casi hasta el fondo. Lo he ido descubriendo en muy diferentes aspectos de la vida, unos más importantes que otros.
Una de ellas le saca el cien por cien del líquido al limón y otra solo unas gotitas de nada.
Expresaré primero la idea matriz que inspira el artículo y luego pondré ejemplos que me han llevado a ella. La idea básica es que, unas veces por pereza, otras por prisa, otras por desinformación, otras por despiste, otras por pesimismo, otras por tener un bajo autoconcepto, nos privamos de muchas cosas de las que otros disfrutan. No hablo aquí de las consabidas diferencias culturales, económicas o intelectuales, que no es fácil o posible eliminar. Hablo de la capacidad de sacar el mayor partido a la vida en el nivel y lugar donde se esté.Pienso en dos personas del mismo o aproximado nivel social. Una de ellas le saca el cien por cien del líquido al limón y otra solo unas gotitas de nada.
Me explicaré con ejemplos. Conozco una persona que ha disfrutado y disfruta de todas las becas habidas y por haber. Busca, pregunta, solicita, se informa, pide, reclama… Otros compañeros y compañeras ni siquiera saben que existen. Y si lo saben, desconocen el modo de solicitarlas. Y si lo saben no se toman la molestia de hacer el trámite. Y si se las deniegan se callan y se resignan.
Conozco a quien sabe conseguir el billete más barato de una aerolínea, a quien le busca las cosquillas a la compañía de seguros, a quien percibe las indemnizaciones por mal servicio de quien hace prestaciones, a quien sabe encontrar el descuento más elevado de una operación, a quien conoce (y consigue) las ayudas que existen para la investigación… Y también conozco a quien no sabe hacer nada de eso. Es decir, a quien se ha resignado a vivir al diez por ciento.
Pondré otro ejemplo que afecta a muchas personas. De todas las posibilidades que tiene un ordenador, ¿cuántas se utilizan? Hay quien le saca partido casi al cien por cien. Hay quien se queda en el diez por ciento. Así, hay quien “baja” películas, quien utiliza el skype, quien hace traducciones, quien usa el diccionario, quien consulta mapas, hace todo tipo de operaciones bancarias, realiza compras… y quien solo usa el ordenador como un simple procesador de textos.
Me dice un amigo que se acaba de enterar de que con la tarjeta sanitaria le pueden facilitar sin receta algunos medicamentos que se utilizan para curar enfermedades crónicas… ¿Por qué algunos lo supieron el primer día que se podía hacer? ¿Por qué otros morirán sin enterarse?
Otro amiga me dice que no sabía que el seguro le cubría el robo con violencia de un bolso que le habían arrebatado después de un forcejeo en plena calle… ¿Por qué otras personas lo saben con plena seguridad?
Hay quien se entera de todo y hay quien no se entera de nada. ¿De qué depende?
Pues depende de la habilidad para informarse, para estar al día, para buscar.
Depende también de la actitud hacia la vida. Una actitud encogida, pusilánime, pesimista, hace que permanezcamos escondidos detrás de las imitaciones y las carencias.
Depende del autoconcepto. Si alguien piensa que es tan poquita cosa que no merece nada, que nada le corresponde, que las cosas buenas son para los demás, se verá privado de ellas.
Depende del nivel de escepticismo. Si pensamos que nosotros tenemos mala suerte, que a nosotros nunca nos podrá tocar, que siempre llevamos las de perder…, acabaremos perdiendo.
Depende de la capacidad de esfuerzo. Las cosas no se nos ofrecen en bandeja de plata. Hay que buscarlas, hay que perseguirlas, hay que luchar por ellas. Y eso supone esfuerzo, perseverancia, capacidad de superar los fracasos.
Y esto que planteo de forma pragmática para cuestiones menores, lo digo también para otras dimensiones más importantes de la vida. Hay quien renuncia a una relación porque se inhibe a la hora de manifestar su afecto a otra persona que le atrae. Hay quien renuncia a un trabajo porque considera que no es capaz de desempeñarlo de forma aceptable. Hay quien renuncia a un viaje y a explorar el mundo por temor a tener un accidente, a contraer una enfermedad o a que le roben la cartera.
Hace años leí una historia que se titulaba “El cementerio de Kammir. Las lápidas tenían inscripciones que precisaban: Vivió 8 años, 5 meses, 2 semanas y 3 días, por ejemplo. Un visitante observa que ninguno había alcanzado a vivir 10 años. Intrigado, pregunta a un anciano.
- ¿Por qué todos mueren tan jóvenes en este lugar?
El anciano contesta:
- No, no mueren jóvenes. A los 15 años los padres regalan a los hijos una libreta como ésta que llevo colgada al cuello. En ella anotamos el tiempo que vivimos con plenitud, el tiempo en el que disfrutamos del amor, de la paz, de la felicidad… Cuando uno muere se suman esos tiempos, que son los que figuran en las lápidas.
Es una pena que, alguno o alguna, cuando se le acabe la existencia, exprese su impotencia y su decepción ante la vida diciendo:
- Es que yo no sabía…
Porque lo único sensato que se le puede responder a esas alturas es:
- Pues haberlo sabido…
La vida es una obra de teatro que no admite ensayos, dice Charles Chaplin. A mi me gusta decir que esto que tenemos entre manos no es un ensayo general, esto es la vida. Es muy diferente vivirla y disfrutarla íntegramente que pasar por ella a medio gas, sin la necesaria intensidad.
Fonte
Una de ellas le saca el cien por cien del líquido al limón y otra solo unas gotitas de nada.
Expresaré primero la idea matriz que inspira el artículo y luego pondré ejemplos que me han llevado a ella. La idea básica es que, unas veces por pereza, otras por prisa, otras por desinformación, otras por despiste, otras por pesimismo, otras por tener un bajo autoconcepto, nos privamos de muchas cosas de las que otros disfrutan. No hablo aquí de las consabidas diferencias culturales, económicas o intelectuales, que no es fácil o posible eliminar. Hablo de la capacidad de sacar el mayor partido a la vida en el nivel y lugar donde se esté.Pienso en dos personas del mismo o aproximado nivel social. Una de ellas le saca el cien por cien del líquido al limón y otra solo unas gotitas de nada.
Me explicaré con ejemplos. Conozco una persona que ha disfrutado y disfruta de todas las becas habidas y por haber. Busca, pregunta, solicita, se informa, pide, reclama… Otros compañeros y compañeras ni siquiera saben que existen. Y si lo saben, desconocen el modo de solicitarlas. Y si lo saben no se toman la molestia de hacer el trámite. Y si se las deniegan se callan y se resignan.
Conozco a quien sabe conseguir el billete más barato de una aerolínea, a quien le busca las cosquillas a la compañía de seguros, a quien percibe las indemnizaciones por mal servicio de quien hace prestaciones, a quien sabe encontrar el descuento más elevado de una operación, a quien conoce (y consigue) las ayudas que existen para la investigación… Y también conozco a quien no sabe hacer nada de eso. Es decir, a quien se ha resignado a vivir al diez por ciento.
Pondré otro ejemplo que afecta a muchas personas. De todas las posibilidades que tiene un ordenador, ¿cuántas se utilizan? Hay quien le saca partido casi al cien por cien. Hay quien se queda en el diez por ciento. Así, hay quien “baja” películas, quien utiliza el skype, quien hace traducciones, quien usa el diccionario, quien consulta mapas, hace todo tipo de operaciones bancarias, realiza compras… y quien solo usa el ordenador como un simple procesador de textos.
Me dice un amigo que se acaba de enterar de que con la tarjeta sanitaria le pueden facilitar sin receta algunos medicamentos que se utilizan para curar enfermedades crónicas… ¿Por qué algunos lo supieron el primer día que se podía hacer? ¿Por qué otros morirán sin enterarse?
Otro amiga me dice que no sabía que el seguro le cubría el robo con violencia de un bolso que le habían arrebatado después de un forcejeo en plena calle… ¿Por qué otras personas lo saben con plena seguridad?
Hay quien se entera de todo y hay quien no se entera de nada. ¿De qué depende?
Pues depende de la habilidad para informarse, para estar al día, para buscar.
Depende también de la actitud hacia la vida. Una actitud encogida, pusilánime, pesimista, hace que permanezcamos escondidos detrás de las imitaciones y las carencias.
Depende del autoconcepto. Si alguien piensa que es tan poquita cosa que no merece nada, que nada le corresponde, que las cosas buenas son para los demás, se verá privado de ellas.
Depende del nivel de escepticismo. Si pensamos que nosotros tenemos mala suerte, que a nosotros nunca nos podrá tocar, que siempre llevamos las de perder…, acabaremos perdiendo.
Depende de la capacidad de esfuerzo. Las cosas no se nos ofrecen en bandeja de plata. Hay que buscarlas, hay que perseguirlas, hay que luchar por ellas. Y eso supone esfuerzo, perseverancia, capacidad de superar los fracasos.
Y esto que planteo de forma pragmática para cuestiones menores, lo digo también para otras dimensiones más importantes de la vida. Hay quien renuncia a una relación porque se inhibe a la hora de manifestar su afecto a otra persona que le atrae. Hay quien renuncia a un trabajo porque considera que no es capaz de desempeñarlo de forma aceptable. Hay quien renuncia a un viaje y a explorar el mundo por temor a tener un accidente, a contraer una enfermedad o a que le roben la cartera.
Hace años leí una historia que se titulaba “El cementerio de Kammir. Las lápidas tenían inscripciones que precisaban: Vivió 8 años, 5 meses, 2 semanas y 3 días, por ejemplo. Un visitante observa que ninguno había alcanzado a vivir 10 años. Intrigado, pregunta a un anciano.
- ¿Por qué todos mueren tan jóvenes en este lugar?
El anciano contesta:
- No, no mueren jóvenes. A los 15 años los padres regalan a los hijos una libreta como ésta que llevo colgada al cuello. En ella anotamos el tiempo que vivimos con plenitud, el tiempo en el que disfrutamos del amor, de la paz, de la felicidad… Cuando uno muere se suman esos tiempos, que son los que figuran en las lápidas.
Es una pena que, alguno o alguna, cuando se le acabe la existencia, exprese su impotencia y su decepción ante la vida diciendo:
- Es que yo no sabía…
Porque lo único sensato que se le puede responder a esas alturas es:
- Pues haberlo sabido…
La vida es una obra de teatro que no admite ensayos, dice Charles Chaplin. A mi me gusta decir que esto que tenemos entre manos no es un ensayo general, esto es la vida. Es muy diferente vivirla y disfrutarla íntegramente que pasar por ella a medio gas, sin la necesaria intensidad.
Fonte
Ensinar Menos, Aprender Mais
(...)To this end, where previously teachers had to grope in the dark to decipher and interpret the intent and meaning of particular policies, with new initiatives like Teach Less Learn More which were introduced in 2006, there are mini-descriptors that help teachers understand the spirit and intent of the policy. As mentioned in both articles, Singapore’s education system is now increasing its emphasis on creativity and independent thinking, the present challenge for planners is to locate the balance between central and local control of curriculum and assessment.
Educational change is a complex process. While student achievement in international test data provides an indication of each education system’s relative standing with respect to others, there are many other indicators which need to be thoroughly examined before implementing changes. Although valuable lessons can be drawn from the high performing education systems, it is also important to bear in mind that what works in one jurisdiction is not transferable or replicable in another due to different economic, social, cultural, and political contexts.
Fonte
Quarta-feira, Novembro 23, 2011
Ensinar, Aprender
Se uma criança não pode aprender da maneira que é ensinada, é melhor ensiná-la da maneira que pode aprender (MARIO NWELCHMANN, s/d)
Terça-feira, Novembro 22, 2011
Segunda-feira, Novembro 21, 2011
Lista de Verificação Breve para Líderes apostados na Mudança

_ Do I have a small number of core priorities?
_ What am I doing to communicate with organization members both initially and especially on an ongoing basis?
_ Have I stopped to see if I am practicing impressive empathy in relation to potential naysayers?
_ Have I spelled out the norm of speaking up when there are persistent problems, and provided opportunities for people to identify problems?
_ Are we gathering data that are simple, ongoing, and used for quick feedback on how well things are going? Are our data helping us focus or are we drowning in it?
_ Have I specified when the team needs to meet periodically to discuss progress and problem solve? In the past six months, have I stopped to acknowledge mistakes publicly, and to learn from them?
_ Do I regularly practice reflective techniques to get to know my inner self?
_ What am I doing to communicate with organization members both initially and especially on an ongoing basis?
_ Have I stopped to see if I am practicing impressive empathy in relation to potential naysayers?
_ Have I spelled out the norm of speaking up when there are persistent problems, and provided opportunities for people to identify problems?
_ Are we gathering data that are simple, ongoing, and used for quick feedback on how well things are going? Are our data helping us focus or are we drowning in it?
_ Have I specified when the team needs to meet periodically to discuss progress and problem solve? In the past six months, have I stopped to acknowledge mistakes publicly, and to learn from them?
_ Do I regularly practice reflective techniques to get to know my inner self?
Fullan, Obra citada
Domingo, Novembro 20, 2011
Fogo, Fogo!
A crónica de Miguel Santos Guerra. Penso que estamos muito carecidos de elevadas doses de engenho.Hace falta ingenio para sobrevivir. El Diccionario de la RAE define ingenio como “la capacidad que tiene una persona para pensar con rapidez y claridad”. Y también como “la capacidad que tiene una persona para imaginar o crear cosas útiles combinando con inteligencia y habilidad los conocimientos que posee y los medios técnicos de que dispone”. Los ingredientes del ingenio son, pues: imaginación, inteligencia, rapidez, claridad, adaptación y eficacia.
El ingenio nos permite salir adelante en situaciones de imprevista dificultad.
Dice Carlo Dossi que “el ingenio está constituido por un tercio de instinto, un tercio de memoria y un tercio de voluntad”. No crece de forma automática. Es como una semilla que se siembra. Hay terrenos en los que muere inexorablemente: en la rutina, el adocenamiento, la sumisión, la pereza, y el pesismismo. Hace falta abonar esa planta, regarla, podarla y protegerla de plagas y tormentas.
El ingenio nos permite salir adelante en situaciones de imprevista dificultad. Uno de sus elementos básicos es que se adapta al contexto concreto, se acomoda flexiblemente a las exigencias del lugar y del momento.
De cuántos atolladeros nos podría sacar el ingenio. Qué importante sería utilizarlo para buscar y encontrar salidas particulares y generales a esta crisis que nos asedia.
Un borracho deambula sin rumbo fijo por una ciudad. Después de dar un traspiés, cae en una cloaca y empieza a gritar:
- ¡Fuego, fuego!
Acuden en su auxilio, apresuradamente, algunos transeúntes y le rescatan. Uno de ellos le pregunta:
- ¿Por qué decía usted “fuego, fuego”, si no lo había?
Él contesta de manera irrefutable:
- ¿Habría acudido alguno de ustedes si hubiera gritado: “¡mierda, mierda!”?
Así son las cosas. Es probable que, de haber sido más preciso, nadie se hubiera acercado con ánimo de socorrerlo. Y es que el ingenio es una herramienta muy necesaria. Al borracho de nuestra historia le salvó la vida.
No siempre la situación es tan dramática, pero el ingenio (que mezcla inteligencia con rapidez) ofrece una puerta de escape en situaciones embarazosas y brinda soluciones que no llegarían sin él cuando se necesitan. “La improvisación es la verdadera piedra de toque del ingenio”, dice Molière.
Agustín de Foxá se encontraba en una cena de gala. Le había correspondido por protocolo estar sentado al lado de una señora de buen ver que él desconocía. En el trascurso de la cena le dice a la señora:
- A quien no puedo soportar es a aquel caballero que tenemos en frente. Resulta insoportable por su pedantería y por su prepotencia.
Ella, entre sorprendida e indignada, le hace ver que ese señor es su marido. Y, Agustín de Foxá, sin perder la calma, le dice:
- Por eso le odio, señora, por eso le odio.
El ingenio había convertido lo que era una evidente agresión en una ingeniosa galantería.
Con ingenio se nace, pero el ingenio se cultiva. Es muy inquietante y a la vez muy importante la tesis de quienes piensan que las escuelas atrofian la creatividad. Resulta preocupante la pérdida de espontaneidad que viven los alumnos en la escuela a medida que van pasando por sus diferentes etapas.
Hace tiempo llegó a mis manos un texto muy sugerente de Helen Bakler que cuenta cómo un niño que pinta con soltura, que maneja la plastilina con creatividad acaba reproduciendo de manera mecánica los modelos que le propone la profesora.
Me remito a las estrategias didácticas que utilizamos en las escuelas. Muchas de ellas están asentadas en procesos de memorización y de repetición. Pero no de creación. Doyle habla de los diferentes tipos de tareas intelectuales que se utilizan en las aulas y que van desde la memorización a la creación pasando por el aprendizaje de algoritmos, la comprensión, el análisis, la comparación y la libre opinión.
¿Qué tipo de actividades son las más frecuentes? No he visto que se utilicen con frecuencia tormentas de ideas, proyectos de visión futura, creación de proyectos, planificación de investigaciones, formulación de interrogantes… El corpus de conocimiento es tan grande que se dedica la mayor parte del tiempo a su transmisión, a su reproducción. Queda muy poco tiempo para la búsqueda, el cuestionamiento y la producción.
¿De qué tareas existe más peso en la evaluación? ¿Cuáles son las más frecuentes y las más valoradas? Mucho me temo que se encuentren más de memorizar que de crear, más de repetir que de inventar.
Recuerdo la sorpresa de un grupo de alumnos cuando les propuse al comenzar el año que escribiesen un libro sobre la asignatura. Se sorprendieron porque, lo habitual, es que se les exija comprender y repetir lo que otros han escrito.
Unos fotografiaron y analizaron los espacios, otros estudiaron los tiempos, otros entrevistaron a las autoridades, otros analizaron el curriculum oculto, otros investigaron sobre las relaciones…Cuando vieron estampadas sus firmas en las páginas del “su” libro (se titula “Investigar en Organización” y fue editado por el Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Málaga en la colección Elementos Auxiliares de Clase) se quedaron sorprendidos de lo que habían logrado.
Si se castiga el ingenio, si se menosprecia o se ignora, acaba por desaparecer. Si se valora y se estimula, crecerá libremente. Cultivar el ingenio exige que se promueva su manejo, que se conozcan las estrategias de su desarrollo, que se valoren sus resultados. Cultivar el ingenio es no poner cortapisas al pensamiento, dejarlo fluir con espontaneidad y con alegría. Estoy con Jules Renard: “El ingenio es al talento lo que el instinto es a la razón”.
Fonte
Sábado, Novembro 19, 2011
O/A diretor(a) é importante, mas...
A crónica no Clube de Matemática, da SPM.Escrevo hoje sobre uma evidência: o diretor (de uma escola, de um agrupamento) é importante, mas sozinho nada pode. Aliás, um diretor que queira também ser líder, precisa de liderados (pois não há líderes sem liderados).
Os poderes reais do diretor não estão no Decreto-Lei 75/2008. Estão lá as competências e atribuições formais. Está lá inscrito o organograma da organização. Está lá a autoridade meramente formal.
Os poderes reais residem na interação. Na capacidade de influência, convencimento e de mobilização. Os poderes reais residem na cultura organizacional, no sentido do trabalho, na colaboração voluntária gerada pelas inteligências acesas de todos os que são o corpo e alma das organizações.
O poder real será tanto maior quanto mais for distribuído e partilhado. Porque o poder é sobretudo aprovação e reconhecimento. Seguindo Eugénio de Andrade: quanto mais te dava mais tinha para te dar. O poder que se partilha numa escola é fonte de um crescimento coletivo, de uma afirmação da possibilidade de uma mudança positiva.
Precisamos de fazer esta aprendizagem fundamental. Sobretudo neste tempo de orfandade. Em que precisamos de lideranças inspiradoras e gratificantes. De lideranças que confortem e reconfortem. Que vejam claro o horizonte e acendam o desejo de ver. Os caminhos serão mais fáceis (ainda que muito exigentes) e os resultados tenderão a não resistir a vontades cada vez mais alicerçadas na força coletiva.
Sexta-feira, Novembro 18, 2011
Estou hoje com saudade da poesia
A meu favor tenho o teu olhartestemunhando por mim
perante juízes terríveis:
a morte, os amigos, os inimigos.
E aqueles que me assaltam
à noite na solidão do quarto
refugiam-se em obscuros sítios dentro de mim
quando de manhã o teu olhar ilumina o quarto.
Protege-me com ele, com o teu olhar,
dos demónios da noite e das aflições do dia,
fala em voz alta, não deixes que eu adormeça,
afasta de mim o pecado da infelicidade.
in Poesia, Saudade da Prosa - Uma Antologia Pessoal
Manuel António Pina (nasceu em 18 de Nov. 1943 no Sabugal)
(e via Amélia Pais)
Quinta-feira, Novembro 17, 2011
Das Lideranças Inteligentes ou as estratégias de 'salvação'
Change Leader is about using your brain before it’s too late.It presents a seven-part solution. First, it places practice front
and center as the creative crucible. The remaining six elements
consist of combining resolve, motivation, collaboration, confidence,
impact, and ‘‘simplexity’’ (Kluger, 2008) (simple to
understand, complex to make jell). The bonus is that the effective
change leader will save a hell of a lot of time by not trying
to decipher all that management advice—time put to better
use in doing the real work of change. This book is about the wise practitioner rather than the abstract theorist; the reflective doer, not the smart operator; the deep accomplisher, not the
overt hero. It may or may not have been Yogi Berra who said, ‘‘In theory there is no difference between theory and practice. In practice there is,’’ but whoever said it was wise as well as
witty. This book is about deep, practical practice, as simple as it is complex, and therefore achievable for anyone who wants to go for it.
(...)
The Key insights
and center as the creative crucible. The remaining six elements
consist of combining resolve, motivation, collaboration, confidence,
impact, and ‘‘simplexity’’ (Kluger, 2008) (simple to
understand, complex to make jell). The bonus is that the effective
change leader will save a hell of a lot of time by not trying
to decipher all that management advice—time put to better
use in doing the real work of change. This book is about the wise practitioner rather than the abstract theorist; the reflective doer, not the smart operator; the deep accomplisher, not the
overt hero. It may or may not have been Yogi Berra who said, ‘‘In theory there is no difference between theory and practice. In practice there is,’’ but whoever said it was wise as well as
witty. This book is about deep, practical practice, as simple as it is complex, and therefore achievable for anyone who wants to go for it.
(...)
The Key insights
• The effective change leader actively participates as a learner in helping the
organization improve.
• Effective change leaders combine resolute moral purpose with impressive
empathy.
• Realized effectiveness is what motivates people to do more.
• Collaborative competition is the yin and yang of successful change.
• Change leaders are more confident than the situation warrants but more
humble than they look.
• Statistics are a wonderful servant and an appalling master.
• Simplexity is salvation for an intricate world.
organization improve.
• Effective change leaders combine resolute moral purpose with impressive
empathy.
• Realized effectiveness is what motivates people to do more.
• Collaborative competition is the yin and yang of successful change.
• Change leaders are more confident than the situation warrants but more
humble than they look.
• Statistics are a wonderful servant and an appalling master.
• Simplexity is salvation for an intricate world.
Fullan; M (2011) Change Leader - Learning to Do What Matters Most. Jossey Bass
1ªs Jornadas de Pedagogia no Ensino Artístico
Afirmando a ciência e a arte da pedagogia; procurando o (im)provável; celebrando os direitos gratificantes da autoria; acredidanto que o melhor é possível.
Em dias tão cheios que é difícil registar tudo o que acontece.
Liderança para a aprendizagem
Purpose – This paper aims to present a research-based model of leadership for learning. It argues that the field has made substantial progress over the past 40 years in identifying ways in which leadership contributes to learning and school improvement. Four specific dimensions of leading for learning are presented: values and beliefs, leadership focus, contexts for leadership, and sharing leadership.
Design/methodology/approach – The paper employs a review methodology but focuses especially on evidence from several recent empirical studies. While the author argues that progress has been made, limitations – especially with respect to linking leadership practice to different contexts – are noted.
Findings – The paper finds that significant progress has been made in identifying the means by which leadership impacts on learning.
Research limitations/implications – The key limitation in this research lies in the difficulty in linking leadership to its context. While progress is also beginning to be made in this area, it remains a limiting factor in interpreting the findings from this body of research.
Practical implications – The above limitation means that individual school leaders must still apply the findings both with caution and with an understanding of their own particular school context.
Originality/value – The paper extends prior reviews by its inclusion of findings from a series of important studies that have emerged since 2008.
Fonte
Design/methodology/approach – The paper employs a review methodology but focuses especially on evidence from several recent empirical studies. While the author argues that progress has been made, limitations – especially with respect to linking leadership practice to different contexts – are noted.
Findings – The paper finds that significant progress has been made in identifying the means by which leadership impacts on learning.
Research limitations/implications – The key limitation in this research lies in the difficulty in linking leadership to its context. While progress is also beginning to be made in this area, it remains a limiting factor in interpreting the findings from this body of research.
Practical implications – The above limitation means that individual school leaders must still apply the findings both with caution and with an understanding of their own particular school context.
Originality/value – The paper extends prior reviews by its inclusion of findings from a series of important studies that have emerged since 2008.
Fonte
A structural model of leadership practice in effective/improved secondary schools
The full SEM model is shown in Appendix 3, Figures A1-A2. It identifies relationships between dimensions related to school leadership and processes and predicts changes (improvement) in schools' academic results over three years (2003-2005) using survey data from secondary head teachers. The strength of the loadings indicates the nature and strength of the relationships between 19 dimensions (latent constructs) that emerged from the data set. Four levels of relationships were identified.
Level 1 comprises three key dimensions of leadership – i.e. “setting directions”, “redesigning the organisation” and “head trust” – plus three other dimensions – i.e. “developing people”, “use of data” and “use of observation” – linked with the first two.
There is a strong positive correlation between the first two constructs (r=0.70), i.e. “setting directions” and “redesigning the organisation”, both relating to change in the practice of leadership over the three-year period. However, no significant links were found between either of these two constructs and “head trust”, suggesting that the two aspects of leadership practice by the head and their “relational trust” in the staff may have differing roles in improving school performance and pupil outcomes.
In addition to these three key dimensions of leadership, there are another three dimensions at this level:
1.“use of data”;
2.“developing people”; and
3.“use of observation”.
These three dimensions, together with “setting directions” and “redesigning the organisation”, form a five factor structural model of change in leadership practice over three years. We also identified links between these measures of leadership practice and the dimensions of distributed leadership (described below).
Level 2 comprises four dimensions in relation to leadership distribution in the school:
1.“distributed leadership”;
2.“leadership by staff”;
3.“senior leadership team (SLT) collaboration”; and
4.“the SLT's impact on learning and teaching”.
The dimension “heads trust” has a moderate direct effect on the dimension “SLT collaboration” and direct but relatively weaker effects on the other dimensions “leadership by staff”, “SLT's impact on leaning and teaching”, and “distributed leadership”. The two dimensions “redesigning the organisation” and “setting directions” have an indirect impact on “distributed leadership” operating through the dimension “developing people”. The effect of change in the emphasis given to “developing people” over three years on “distributed leadership” is by contrast weak but negative. This may be because where more attention is required for “developing people”, the conditions may not yet be seen as appropriate for greater “distributed leadership”.
As the SEM results for secondary schools suggest, the leadership practices of the head and of the SMT (Levels 1 and 2 dimensions) appear to influence, directly or indirectly, the improvement of different aspects of school culture, processes and conditions (Level 3 variables) which then indirectly impact on the change in pupil academic outcomes through improvements in several important intermediate outcomes (Level 4 variables).
Level 3 comprises four dimensions relate to improved school and classroom processes which seem to function as mediating factors in this structural model:
1.“teacher collaborative culture”;
2.“assessment for learning”;
3.“improvement in school conditions”; and
4.“external collaborations and learning opportunities”.
Level 4 comprises four dimensions:
1.“high academic standards”;
2.“pupil motivation and learning culture”;
3.“change in pupil behaviour”; and
4.“change in pupil attendance”.
These constructs appear to be important intermediate outcomes that are important in their own right but that also have direct or indirect effects on changes in pupil academic outcomes over three years.
Fonte
Level 1 comprises three key dimensions of leadership – i.e. “setting directions”, “redesigning the organisation” and “head trust” – plus three other dimensions – i.e. “developing people”, “use of data” and “use of observation” – linked with the first two.
There is a strong positive correlation between the first two constructs (r=0.70), i.e. “setting directions” and “redesigning the organisation”, both relating to change in the practice of leadership over the three-year period. However, no significant links were found between either of these two constructs and “head trust”, suggesting that the two aspects of leadership practice by the head and their “relational trust” in the staff may have differing roles in improving school performance and pupil outcomes.
In addition to these three key dimensions of leadership, there are another three dimensions at this level:
1.“use of data”;
2.“developing people”; and
3.“use of observation”.
These three dimensions, together with “setting directions” and “redesigning the organisation”, form a five factor structural model of change in leadership practice over three years. We also identified links between these measures of leadership practice and the dimensions of distributed leadership (described below).
Level 2 comprises four dimensions in relation to leadership distribution in the school:
1.“distributed leadership”;
2.“leadership by staff”;
3.“senior leadership team (SLT) collaboration”; and
4.“the SLT's impact on learning and teaching”.
The dimension “heads trust” has a moderate direct effect on the dimension “SLT collaboration” and direct but relatively weaker effects on the other dimensions “leadership by staff”, “SLT's impact on leaning and teaching”, and “distributed leadership”. The two dimensions “redesigning the organisation” and “setting directions” have an indirect impact on “distributed leadership” operating through the dimension “developing people”. The effect of change in the emphasis given to “developing people” over three years on “distributed leadership” is by contrast weak but negative. This may be because where more attention is required for “developing people”, the conditions may not yet be seen as appropriate for greater “distributed leadership”.
As the SEM results for secondary schools suggest, the leadership practices of the head and of the SMT (Levels 1 and 2 dimensions) appear to influence, directly or indirectly, the improvement of different aspects of school culture, processes and conditions (Level 3 variables) which then indirectly impact on the change in pupil academic outcomes through improvements in several important intermediate outcomes (Level 4 variables).
Level 3 comprises four dimensions relate to improved school and classroom processes which seem to function as mediating factors in this structural model:
1.“teacher collaborative culture”;
2.“assessment for learning”;
3.“improvement in school conditions”; and
4.“external collaborations and learning opportunities”.
Level 4 comprises four dimensions:
1.“high academic standards”;
2.“pupil motivation and learning culture”;
3.“change in pupil behaviour”; and
4.“change in pupil attendance”.
These constructs appear to be important intermediate outcomes that are important in their own right but that also have direct or indirect effects on changes in pupil academic outcomes over three years.
Fonte
Actions identified as most important in promoting school improvement
The surveys requested details of the three actions/strategies identified by heads as most influential in improving pupils' academic outcomes in their school during the last three years. These written data were analysed to establish which strategies and actions were viewed as most important and most frequently adopted by schools.
The written results were categorised based on similarities and differences in the actions and areas cited. In some cases actions could be allocated into more than one category, for example “Use of performance data to set high expectations” was considered to fall into both the category “Encouraging the use of data and research” and the category “Demonstrating high expectations for staff”.
The most frequently cited actions/strategies by primary heads were:
•improved assessment procedures (28.1 per cent);
•encouraging the use of data and research (27.9 per cent);
•teaching policies and programmes (26.0 per cent);
•strategic allocation of resources (20.4 per cent);
•changes to pupil target setting (20.2 per cent);
•providing and allocating resources (19.4 per cent); and
•promoting leadership development and CPD (15.9 per cent).
Similarly, actions/strategies most frequently cited by secondary heads were:
•encouraging the use of data and research (34.0 per cent);
•teaching policies and programmes (27.7 per cent);
•improving school culture (21.1 per cent);
•providing and allocating resources (19.5 per cent);
•improved assessment procedures (18.6 per cent);
•monitoring of departments and teachers (15.9 per cent); and
•promoting leadership development and CPD (15.1 per cent).
Fonte
The written results were categorised based on similarities and differences in the actions and areas cited. In some cases actions could be allocated into more than one category, for example “Use of performance data to set high expectations” was considered to fall into both the category “Encouraging the use of data and research” and the category “Demonstrating high expectations for staff”.
The most frequently cited actions/strategies by primary heads were:
•improved assessment procedures (28.1 per cent);
•encouraging the use of data and research (27.9 per cent);
•teaching policies and programmes (26.0 per cent);
•strategic allocation of resources (20.4 per cent);
•changes to pupil target setting (20.2 per cent);
•providing and allocating resources (19.4 per cent); and
•promoting leadership development and CPD (15.9 per cent).
Similarly, actions/strategies most frequently cited by secondary heads were:
•encouraging the use of data and research (34.0 per cent);
•teaching policies and programmes (27.7 per cent);
•improving school culture (21.1 per cent);
•providing and allocating resources (19.5 per cent);
•improved assessment procedures (18.6 per cent);
•monitoring of departments and teachers (15.9 per cent); and
•promoting leadership development and CPD (15.1 per cent).
Fonte
Liderança e Resultados
Purpose – This study aims to explore the impact of school leadership, particularly that of the
principal (head teacher), on school improvement in England.
Design/methodology/approach – The study adopts a mixed-methods (MM), longitudinal design
to investigate the leadership of a sample of academically effective and improving schools identified from analyses of national assessment and examination data sets. In addition, questionnaire surveys of principals and key staff and 20 qualitative school case studies were conducted. The paper reports results from the questionnaire analyses and changes in measures of school performance over three school years using data from 378 primary and 362 secondary schools. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation models (SEM) test direct and indirect effects of school leadership and school and classroom processes in predicting changes in schools’ academic results.
Findings – The analyses identified robust underlying dimensions of leadership and school and
classroom processes and highlighted strategies and actions that school principals and staff had
adopted to raise pupil attainment. The SEM models reveal both direct and indirect effects of leadership on a range of school and classroom processes that in turn predicted changes (improvements) in schools’ academic performance.
Originality/value – This original empirical study presents new results on the leadership of a large sample of effective and improving primary and secondary schools in England. A dynamic model is presented predicting changes in schools’ academic performance over three years and identifying direct effects of leadership on school and classroom processes and indirect effects on improvements in schools’ academic results.
Keywords Schools, Leadership, Principals, Organizational performance, England
Paper type Research paper
Fonte
principal (head teacher), on school improvement in England.
Design/methodology/approach – The study adopts a mixed-methods (MM), longitudinal design
to investigate the leadership of a sample of academically effective and improving schools identified from analyses of national assessment and examination data sets. In addition, questionnaire surveys of principals and key staff and 20 qualitative school case studies were conducted. The paper reports results from the questionnaire analyses and changes in measures of school performance over three school years using data from 378 primary and 362 secondary schools. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation models (SEM) test direct and indirect effects of school leadership and school and classroom processes in predicting changes in schools’ academic results.
Findings – The analyses identified robust underlying dimensions of leadership and school and
classroom processes and highlighted strategies and actions that school principals and staff had
adopted to raise pupil attainment. The SEM models reveal both direct and indirect effects of leadership on a range of school and classroom processes that in turn predicted changes (improvements) in schools’ academic performance.
Originality/value – This original empirical study presents new results on the leadership of a large sample of effective and improving primary and secondary schools in England. A dynamic model is presented predicting changes in schools’ academic performance over three years and identifying direct effects of leadership on school and classroom processes and indirect effects on improvements in schools’ academic results.
Keywords Schools, Leadership, Principals, Organizational performance, England
Paper type Research paper
Fonte
Lições em torno da Melhoria da Escola
(...)
Based on 54 quantitative unpublished works, the authors found consistent positive effects of transformational leadership on teachers' emotions and beliefs and, to a lesser extent, on student achievement, a major indicator of school improvement in our era of accountability.
(...)
Kearney and Smith identify three converging aspects of change that set successful reform, including teacher receptivity to change, the principal's change orientation, and receptivity of stakeholders to externally imposed alterations. The chapter literally presents the process through which the authors have developed the Faculty Orientation Scale, which represents, according to the authors (p. 36) “a valid and reliable tool that can be employed to asses teachers' perceptions of change in schools”.
(...)
Very illuminating, in my view, is Chapter 4 in which Kirby and DiPaola adopt the concept of academic optimism, rarely appearing in the discourse of educational administration, to examine the structural and cultural influences on student achievement. Drawing on McGuigan and Hoy's definition of academic optimism in terms of collective efficacy, trust in students and parents, and academic press/emphasis, the authors confirmed the factor structure of academic optimism and pointed to a significant relationship between this sort of optimism and student achievement while controlling for socioeconomic status (SES). Fortunately, despite a student's SES, I learned that schools can do a lot to enhance their student achievement through intensifying the element of academic optimism in the school's climate, a corollary that needs to be further investigated in future research on this concept.
(...)
They found that these schools vary dramatically in mission, design, program, philosophy and challenges across the state, resulting from vague expectations, differences in district priorities, poor data collection and analysis systems. In the light of the practical ”spirit” emphasized in this compilation, practical suggestions for the establishment of similar schools in other areas are provided.
(...)
Of much relevance to the study of school improvement is the conceptual work of Firestone. In Chapter 7, Firestone develops a conceptualization of how district culture and processes influence teaching and learning. His fascinating analysis led him to conclude that (p. 197) “the most powerful culture for supporting improvement and ultimately student learning is the student-learning culture”, embedded with the shared assumption that students can learn, and the commonly-held belief in collaborative leadership and trust. The author, however, is fully aware of the difficulty to attain a student-learning district culture in an era of accountability and standardizations in which, in my own view, outcomes are prioritized and hierarchical structures are favored by many policy-makers.
(...)
Based on empirical data, the authors, in a highly accessible form, display four elements of professionalism – effectiveness, academic engagement, self-regulation, and contribution to professional community coming together to form an integrated model of teacher professionalism.
Hoy, W.K. and DiPaola, M. (2009), Studies in School Improvement, Information Age Publishing, Chapel Hill, NC.
Fonte
Based on 54 quantitative unpublished works, the authors found consistent positive effects of transformational leadership on teachers' emotions and beliefs and, to a lesser extent, on student achievement, a major indicator of school improvement in our era of accountability.
(...)
Kearney and Smith identify three converging aspects of change that set successful reform, including teacher receptivity to change, the principal's change orientation, and receptivity of stakeholders to externally imposed alterations. The chapter literally presents the process through which the authors have developed the Faculty Orientation Scale, which represents, according to the authors (p. 36) “a valid and reliable tool that can be employed to asses teachers' perceptions of change in schools”.
(...)
Very illuminating, in my view, is Chapter 4 in which Kirby and DiPaola adopt the concept of academic optimism, rarely appearing in the discourse of educational administration, to examine the structural and cultural influences on student achievement. Drawing on McGuigan and Hoy's definition of academic optimism in terms of collective efficacy, trust in students and parents, and academic press/emphasis, the authors confirmed the factor structure of academic optimism and pointed to a significant relationship between this sort of optimism and student achievement while controlling for socioeconomic status (SES). Fortunately, despite a student's SES, I learned that schools can do a lot to enhance their student achievement through intensifying the element of academic optimism in the school's climate, a corollary that needs to be further investigated in future research on this concept.
(...)
They found that these schools vary dramatically in mission, design, program, philosophy and challenges across the state, resulting from vague expectations, differences in district priorities, poor data collection and analysis systems. In the light of the practical ”spirit” emphasized in this compilation, practical suggestions for the establishment of similar schools in other areas are provided.
(...)
Of much relevance to the study of school improvement is the conceptual work of Firestone. In Chapter 7, Firestone develops a conceptualization of how district culture and processes influence teaching and learning. His fascinating analysis led him to conclude that (p. 197) “the most powerful culture for supporting improvement and ultimately student learning is the student-learning culture”, embedded with the shared assumption that students can learn, and the commonly-held belief in collaborative leadership and trust. The author, however, is fully aware of the difficulty to attain a student-learning district culture in an era of accountability and standardizations in which, in my own view, outcomes are prioritized and hierarchical structures are favored by many policy-makers.
(...)
Based on empirical data, the authors, in a highly accessible form, display four elements of professionalism – effectiveness, academic engagement, self-regulation, and contribution to professional community coming together to form an integrated model of teacher professionalism.
Hoy, W.K. and DiPaola, M. (2009), Studies in School Improvement, Information Age Publishing, Chapel Hill, NC.
Fonte
Avaliação interna e externa: tensões e perspetivas
Purpose – The main purpose of this paper is to examine more closely the tension between, on the one hand, forms of internal school improvement based on internal evaluation measures and, on the other hand, control and legitimisation needs grounded on external evaluation measures.
Design/methodology/approach – The clash of these forms of evaluation is at the core of the paper, dealing in particular with the changing evaluation systems in the Cypriot education system. Therefore, the case study approach is utilised here. More specifically, the case of Cyprus is used as a system under transition in order to move from a primarily teacher inspection system, which is externally driven, to a combination of a teacher/school inspection system, which is based on both external and internal processes and is directed at both formative and summative evaluation processes.
Findings – It is asserted that the new proposed appraisal system for Cyprus addresses the
deficiencies of the current evaluation system and generally aims at achieving a balance between
external and internal processes. Finally, the conditions for the acceptance and successful
implementation of new evaluation systems are described.
Originality/value – The results of the study constitute a rich setting of future developments for
Cyprus schools with regard to important issues such as school accountability, school improvement, teacher evaluation, internal school evaluation and external inspection, through the proposed appraisal system. Therefore, the paper provides an important source of information for those who have the responsibility of creating educational policy and planning for the years to come in the area of teacher appraisal.
Keywords Schools, Quality improvement, Teachers, Performance appraisal, Cyprus
Paper type Conceptual paper
Fonte
Design/methodology/approach – The clash of these forms of evaluation is at the core of the paper, dealing in particular with the changing evaluation systems in the Cypriot education system. Therefore, the case study approach is utilised here. More specifically, the case of Cyprus is used as a system under transition in order to move from a primarily teacher inspection system, which is externally driven, to a combination of a teacher/school inspection system, which is based on both external and internal processes and is directed at both formative and summative evaluation processes.
Findings – It is asserted that the new proposed appraisal system for Cyprus addresses the
deficiencies of the current evaluation system and generally aims at achieving a balance between
external and internal processes. Finally, the conditions for the acceptance and successful
implementation of new evaluation systems are described.
Originality/value – The results of the study constitute a rich setting of future developments for
Cyprus schools with regard to important issues such as school accountability, school improvement, teacher evaluation, internal school evaluation and external inspection, through the proposed appraisal system. Therefore, the paper provides an important source of information for those who have the responsibility of creating educational policy and planning for the years to come in the area of teacher appraisal.
Keywords Schools, Quality improvement, Teachers, Performance appraisal, Cyprus
Paper type Conceptual paper
Fonte
Quarta-feira, Novembro 16, 2011
Acompanhamento Científico do Projeto Fénix - Curso de Formação: “Metas de Aprendizagem, Organização Escolar e Pedagogia”
O grande objetivo deste curso, destinado a professores da Rede Fénix, é o de proporcionar uma formação que permita o aperfeiçoamento das suas competências profissionais, contribuindo para uma maior integração entre saberes teóricos e práticos, ao serviço da criação de escolas mais eficazes e atentas à diversidade dos alunos que a habitam diariamente.
Hoje, na Católica Porto, 47 professores do Norte do País iniciaram a viagem rumo a este objetivo, com a primeira sessão de formação subordinada ao tema: “Prevenir e gerir a indisciplina na escola”, dinamizada pelo Professor João Amado, da Universidade de Coimbra.
Num registo muito próximo de quem está no terreno, o Professor João Amado contou pequenos relatos de situações que observou em sala de aula, enquanto investigador, e que nos permitiram refletir sobre a(s) indisciplina(s) na escola, algumas das suas origens e estratégias de prevenção.
Falou-se de diferentes níveis de indisciplina, desde as infrações às regras estabelecidas até ao bullying e ao cyberbullying e houve também lugar para o autoquestionamento, através de um questionário de auto-observação, que nos permitiu relacionar as nossas práticas enquanto docentes com as questões da indisciplina.
De tudo o que foi partilhado num tempo que se mostrou escasso, retomo três ideias que penso valer a pena reter:
1. O estudo etnográfico levado a cabo pelo Professor João Amado ao longo de 3 anos, acompanhando 6 turmas do 7º ao 9º ano de escolaridade, permitiu-lhe um contacto privilegiado com os alunos e com as suas perspetivas sobre o que é ser um bom Professor. Este contacto permite-lhe hoje dizer que o que os alunos querem do Professor é:
a) que saiba ensinar
b) que saiba constranger, mas com humanismo!
2. As regras das regras
As regras devem ser…
- curtas
- simples
- positivas (centrarem-se no que se deve fazer, e não no que não se deve fazer)
- claras
- relevantes (é importante que os alunos entendam a razão de ser das regras)
3. “Há uma pessoa por detrás de cada aluno. Não se é indisciplinado por acaso. Isso seria loucura. O que é importante é percebermos o outro e as suas razões.”
Professor João Amado, 16-11-11
No dia 30 de novembro embarcarão nesta viagem, na Universidade Católica de Lisboa, mais 50 professores da Rede Fénix. Acompanharemos os momentos de paragem pelas várias temáticas.
16 de novembro de 2011
IV
Assembleia Municipal de Jovens
Segunda-feira, Novembro 14, 2011
Ensinar o que Não se Sabe
Mas vem em seguida a idade de ensinar o que não se sabe. Ensinar a incerteza, o obscuro, a viver sem teto, nas ruínas do tempo. Ensinar as rotas que ignoramos. E como é que se ensina o que não se sabe?
( Leitura integral )
Melhoria da escola, liderança e 'amigo crítico'
The aim of this study is to better understand the role of researchers and school leaders in
supporting school improvement through data feedback in the context of more responsive
forms of accountability in the Netherlands. A process evaluation was conducted concerning
the first three years of a collaborative project of a multi-management group of 18 primary
schools and a group of researchers. The results show that implementing a system of data
feedback starting from a shared vision on the need to learn from data, fostered processes in
the school of learning from data for school improvement. The results also show a growing
inquiry habit of mind amongst school principals, whereas the researchers learned how to
take their role in the collaboration by providing conditions that enhance school
improvement from data feedback. The results indicate that the collaborative process can be
characterised by several learning functions and thus contribute to a better
understanding of how the conditions for data feedback and school improvement can be enhanced.
Fonte
supporting school improvement through data feedback in the context of more responsive
forms of accountability in the Netherlands. A process evaluation was conducted concerning
the first three years of a collaborative project of a multi-management group of 18 primary
schools and a group of researchers. The results show that implementing a system of data
feedback starting from a shared vision on the need to learn from data, fostered processes in
the school of learning from data for school improvement. The results also show a growing
inquiry habit of mind amongst school principals, whereas the researchers learned how to
take their role in the collaboration by providing conditions that enhance school
improvement from data feedback. The results indicate that the collaborative process can be
characterised by several learning functions and thus contribute to a better
understanding of how the conditions for data feedback and school improvement can be enhanced.
Fonte
Descobertas em torno da melhoria das escolas
Findings: Different schools clearly need different kinds of support for teacher development and building their capacity. Policies need to be flexible enough to fit particular school contexts, and to allow for organizations to change in ways that support teacher development for improved practices that impact student learning. The work in the middle involves some sort of fluid hybrid of administrative control (instructional improvement must be the focus) and active, broad participation (in a learning community that advances the changes in instructional practices). Originality/value: This paper addresses the lack of clear knowledge on how capacity building itself can be enhanced, by summarizing the key dimensions of school organizational capacity, and synthesizing the recent conceptual and empirical work on the important mechanisms of policies and programs to influence and support a school's organizational development. The paper provides an overview of the dimensions of school organizational capacity, discusses barriers to building capacity in schools, and argues for hybrid models that combine elements of both learning communities and bureaucracies.
Fonte
Fonte
Domingo, Novembro 13, 2011
Da Autoridade
Palabras clave
autoridad, legitimidad, rol docente, subjetividad adolescente, valores actuales.
Educação e Valores
Revista de Educación
O Direito, o Desejo e a Obrigação de Aprender
(...)
La decisión de prolongar el periodo de escolarización más allá de la enseñanza obligatoria requiere un conjunto de decisiones sobre la educación en el siglo XXI que no solo atañen a la oferta, es decir, a la provisión del derecho a la educación con calidad y en cantidad suficiente por parte de la Administración educativa, sino también a la demanda, al incremento de las expectativas educativas de la sociedad en general, y de la comunidad escolar en particular. El análisis en profundidad de estos temas excede los objetivos de este artículo, pero procede
plantear algunas consideraciones que ayuden a contextualizar el contenido de los trabajos incluidos en esta monografía, y a evidenciar la necesidad de incrementar la investigación sobre el fenómeno del abandono temprano desde una perspectiva interdisciplinar que permita abordarlo en toda su complejidad.
En un momento en que los estudios internacionales sobre el rendimiento en educación –caso del PISA de la OCDE– se centran en el logro de competencias básicas en torno a los 15 años, y en el que las tasas de finalización de la educación secundaria obligatoria (ESO) sin titulación en nuestro país se sitúan en torno al 30%, parece lógico que la preocupación de las familias, los administradores y los profesionales de la educación se venga concentrando prioritariamente en el fenómeno del fracaso escolar, convocando la atención de los medios de comunicación.
Por ello puede resultar llamativo que los objetivos de la política educativa española y europea sitúen el éxito del sistema en la cuasi universalización de la educación secundaria postobligatoria. La comunidad escolar comprende el reto, pero lo vive con cierto escepticismo habida cuenta del rezago en tasas de logro teóricamente menos ambiciosas –finalizar con éxito la ESO– que resultan todavía prioritarias y difíciles de alcanzar a corto plazo. Estaríamos ante una suerte de
brusca puesta en hora de las metas educativas, donde lo que hasta ahora venía siendo el techo de las aspiraciones para un sector del alumnado –generalmente el más desfavorecido sociocultural y económicamente– sus familias y algunos de sus profesores, se ha convertido en el suelo.
Esta situación nos lleva revisar el concepto de derecho a la educación resultante del discurso político de las últimas décadas, cuya equivalencia en el imaginario de ciertos sectores sociales –y desde luego en los países en desarrollo– sigue siendo el derecho a la educación básica obligatoria.
Revista de Educación
La decisión de prolongar el periodo de escolarización más allá de la enseñanza obligatoria requiere un conjunto de decisiones sobre la educación en el siglo XXI que no solo atañen a la oferta, es decir, a la provisión del derecho a la educación con calidad y en cantidad suficiente por parte de la Administración educativa, sino también a la demanda, al incremento de las expectativas educativas de la sociedad en general, y de la comunidad escolar en particular. El análisis en profundidad de estos temas excede los objetivos de este artículo, pero procede
plantear algunas consideraciones que ayuden a contextualizar el contenido de los trabajos incluidos en esta monografía, y a evidenciar la necesidad de incrementar la investigación sobre el fenómeno del abandono temprano desde una perspectiva interdisciplinar que permita abordarlo en toda su complejidad.
En un momento en que los estudios internacionales sobre el rendimiento en educación –caso del PISA de la OCDE– se centran en el logro de competencias básicas en torno a los 15 años, y en el que las tasas de finalización de la educación secundaria obligatoria (ESO) sin titulación en nuestro país se sitúan en torno al 30%, parece lógico que la preocupación de las familias, los administradores y los profesionales de la educación se venga concentrando prioritariamente en el fenómeno del fracaso escolar, convocando la atención de los medios de comunicación.
Por ello puede resultar llamativo que los objetivos de la política educativa española y europea sitúen el éxito del sistema en la cuasi universalización de la educación secundaria postobligatoria. La comunidad escolar comprende el reto, pero lo vive con cierto escepticismo habida cuenta del rezago en tasas de logro teóricamente menos ambiciosas –finalizar con éxito la ESO– que resultan todavía prioritarias y difíciles de alcanzar a corto plazo. Estaríamos ante una suerte de
brusca puesta en hora de las metas educativas, donde lo que hasta ahora venía siendo el techo de las aspiraciones para un sector del alumnado –generalmente el más desfavorecido sociocultural y económicamente– sus familias y algunos de sus profesores, se ha convertido en el suelo.
Esta situación nos lleva revisar el concepto de derecho a la educación resultante del discurso político de las últimas décadas, cuya equivalencia en el imaginario de ciertos sectores sociales –y desde luego en los países en desarrollo– sigue siendo el derecho a la educación básica obligatoria.
Revista de Educación
Sábado, Novembro 12, 2011
Em louvor da diversidade

(...)
Excerto da crónica de Miguel Santos Guerra:
Cuando se habla de “educación especial” creo que se produce una tautología. ¿Puede haber educación que no sea especial, que no refiera a cada niño en particular? O es especial o no es educación. El riesgo está en pensar que la diversidad afecta solamente a aquellos niños con alguna deficiencia como la invidencia, la sordera, el síndrome de Down, la espina bífida… Como si el resto constituyese un grupo homogéneo, idéntico. No. Cada niño es único, irrepetible, irreemplazable. No existe ese “alumno tipo medio” al que nos solemos dirigir cuando hablamos o cuando evaluamos.
La diversidad no es una lacra. Es un valor. Precisamente porque somos diversos podemos complementarnos y enriquecernos. Podemos ayudarnos. Y habrá más necesidad de ayuda para quienes tienen alguna dificultad o alguna carencia. La cultura de la diversidad necesita avivar la sensibilidad hacia el otro.
Imaginemos que en un Centro de Salud tuviera que atender un médico a los pacientes en grupos de 20 o de 30. Que tuviese que observar a todos los pacientes de forma simultánea durante un rato y luego recetar a todos la misma medicación. ¿Cómo podría responder a las necesidades de cada uno y de cada una? Es probable que lo que le vendría bien a uno resultaría un desastre para otro.
La atención a la diversidad exige cambios importantes en esferas muy distintas. En primer lugar en las actitudes de las personas. Me refiero tanto a padres y madres como a profesorado y alumnado. Hay que abrirse a los otros, aceptarlos como son, ayudarles a desarrollarse al máximo de sus posibilidades. En segundo lugar, en la organización de los centros. La atención a la diversidad tiene unas exigencias organizativas relacionadas con la flexibilidad, la creatividad, la autonomía y la audacia. Si la organización es rígida será difícil encontrar respuestas adaptadas. Si desde la Administración no se propicia, se cultiva y se apoya la iniciativa del profesorado, será imposible la respuesta adaptada a las exigencias que plantean los alumnos de cada escuela. En tercer lugar, requiere recursos personales y materiales. No se puede hacer frente a las exigencias de la diversidad sin más profesores y profesoras, sin más espacios, sin más recursos.
La cultura de la diversidad exige la puesta en funcionamiento de políticas de redistribución y de políticas de reconocimiento. Me explico. Hay grupos diferentes en la sociedad (pobres y ricos, cultos e incultos, por ejemplo). La solución para atender esta diversidad está en redistrubuir los bienes para que esos grupos se nivelen. Hay otros grupos que son diferentes (por ejemplo, creyentes y agnósticos, payos y gitanos, homosexuales y heterosexuales…). Respecto a ellos es preciso que se desarrolle una política de reconocimiento, de valoración positiva, no de igualación, no de redistribución.
Todo ello tiene que ver con la autoestima, con la aceptación de sí mismo. Porque si el gitano se avergüenza de serlo, si el emigrante se siente acomplejado, si el sordo no acepta su sordera, toda la intervención exterior resultará inútil.
Sexta-feira, Novembro 11, 2011
Quinta-feira, Novembro 10, 2011
Dez lições para praticar a melhoria
My experience as a senior policy adviser as well as my reflections on a range of policy initiatives in many countries have led me to formulate a number of ‘lessons for system reform’. They are an attempt to capture succinctly some of the traps to be avoided if any system is serious about raising both standards and opportunity for all. They have also been ordered in such away as to reflect the key themes developed in each chapter or section of the book:
1 The length of a school’s development plan is in inverse proportion to its
impact on practice – reflects the idea developed in the introduction that it is the school’s internal capacity rather than bureaucratic procedures that underpins its ability to raise and sustain standards in student achievement and learning.
2 That for every school to become a great school, requires not an individual school improvement effort but a system-wide response – this is the great irony explored in this chapter and becomes a key assumption underpinning the book.
3 In the quest for social justice (and high excellence as well as high equity)
neither top-down nor bottom-up change strategies work – this truism, which now has wide research and practical support, provides the springboard for lateral capacity building and systemic reform approaches described in Chapter 2.
4 Effective classroom experiences offer our children opportunities to explore and build important areas of knowledge, develop powerful tools for learning, and live in humanizing social conditions – these are the essential conditions for personalizing learning as described in Chapter 3.
neither top-down nor bottom-up change strategies work – this truism, which now has wide research and practical support, provides the springboard for lateral capacity building and systemic reform approaches described in Chapter 2.
4 Effective classroom experiences offer our children opportunities to explore and build important areas of knowledge, develop powerful tools for learning, and live in humanizing social conditions – these are the essential conditions for personalizing learning as described in Chapter 3.
5 The professional development of teachers is simultaneously the worst problem and best solution in education – this statement recognizes the fact that because teaching lacks a ‘practice’ it is still in its ‘mediaeval age’ and that before it can truly be called a profession, teachers’ classroom practice needs to characterized by the expansion of repertoire and
disciplined by evidence, the key themes discussed in Chapter 4.
disciplined by evidence, the key themes discussed in Chapter 4.
6 It is a recognition that isolation is the enemy of improvement, collaboration
often the route to it, and that in gaining the benefits of collaboration diversity
is a strength not a weakness (Miliband 2003) – the point here is that an effective lateral system requires confident schools collaborating from positions of professional strength and competence, which is the basis of the approach to networking taken in Chapter 5.
often the route to it, and that in gaining the benefits of collaboration diversity
is a strength not a weakness (Miliband 2003) – the point here is that an effective lateral system requires confident schools collaborating from positions of professional strength and competence, which is the basis of the approach to networking taken in Chapter 5.
7 The margin of error within any national system of testing is always greater than the year-on-year increase in test scores demanded by politicians –
this somewhat contentious statement is the result of too close an acquaintance with the national testing system when I was a senior civil servant and informs the approach taken to intelligent accountability in Chapter 6.
this somewhat contentious statement is the result of too close an acquaintance with the national testing system when I was a senior civil servant and informs the approach taken to intelligent accountability in Chapter 6.
8 Moral purpose in education is best defined as a resolute failure to accept context as a determinant of academic and social success – acting on With acknowledgement to Michael Fullan.context and not accepting poverty and social background as necessary determinants of success in schooling is at the heart of the systemic approach to school transformation described in Chapter 7.
9 In terms of school reform, leadership is to this decade what standards were to the 1990s 2 – this adaptation of Michael Fullan’s happy phrase reflects the discussion in Chapter 8 of system leadership as the meta-strategy for ensuring every school is a great school.
10 Education needs its own ‘grand unifying theory’ – much as the development of macroeconomic models in the post-World War Two period brought order and coherence to the debates on economic strategy.
So, in Chapter 8 it is argued that the development of an analytic framework that capitalizes on the natural variation in educational performance observed across countries offers a similar prize in the arena of education policy.
Although the 10 lessons for system reform give an indication of what follows, it may be useful in the next and concluding section to review the content of the book in a little more detail.
Quarta-feira, Novembro 09, 2011
Estar atento ao sentido das Micropolíticas
“Micropolíticas refere-se ao uso do poder formal e informal por indivíduos e grupos no sentido de alcançar os seus objectivos nas organizações. Em grande parte, as acções políticas resultam de diferenças percebidas entre indivíduos e grupos, unidos pela motivação em usar o poder para exercer influência e/ou para a protecção. Embora tais acções sejam conscientemente motivadas, alguma acção, consciente ou inconscientemente motivada, pode ter uma ‘importância’ política numa dada situação. Quer as acções e processos cooperativos quer os conflituais fazem parte do domínio das micropolíticas. Além disso, os factores macro e micropolíticos interagem frequentemente” (id., ibid.: 11).“As micropolíticas do ensino podem, por certo, ser cínicas, controladoras e calculistas, mas também podem ser positivas, conferir poder (empowering) e serem colegiais” (Hargreaves,
1995).
Citado por Virgínio Sá
Terça-feira, Novembro 08, 2011
Os quatro pilares de uma liderança transformacional
Sabe-se que a liderança transformacional é a força que clarifica a visão, cativa, inspira, mobiliza e (se) compromete na ação.Para que este sistema de liderança seja eficaz precisa de conjugar 4 verbos:
i) Promover uma aprendizagem personalizada. Porque é preciso enterrar o mito largamente maioritário de que é possível a todos como se todos fossem um só.
ii) Incentivar um ensino marcado por uma ética profissional. Que não está à espera de orientações superiores. Que prescinde da lógica de funcionário. Que sabe que o seu primeiro e fundamental dever é fazer aprender todos os alunos.
iii) Criar e desenvolver redes de colaboração entre os profissionais da docência. Porque os desafios da aprendizagem de todos precisam da inteligência coletiva em ação.
iv) Prestar contas (accountability) de forma inteligente. Que fuja à ilusão das aparências burocráticas. Que se centre no essencial ( o valor acrescentado de cada escola). Que mostre os caminhos da melhoria dos processos e dos resultados.
ii) Incentivar um ensino marcado por uma ética profissional. Que não está à espera de orientações superiores. Que prescinde da lógica de funcionário. Que sabe que o seu primeiro e fundamental dever é fazer aprender todos os alunos.
iii) Criar e desenvolver redes de colaboração entre os profissionais da docência. Porque os desafios da aprendizagem de todos precisam da inteligência coletiva em ação.
iv) Prestar contas (accountability) de forma inteligente. Que fuja à ilusão das aparências burocráticas. Que se centre no essencial ( o valor acrescentado de cada escola). Que mostre os caminhos da melhoria dos processos e dos resultados.
(a partir de Hopkins, 2007)
18 Bases para uma Política Promotora da Aprendizagem e da Melhoria

Policies to support learning and teaching should:
1. Set high expectations and show commitment to learner’s success by raising
their aspirations and, where appropriate, gaining the support of parents or carers.
their aspirations and, where appropriate, gaining the support of parents or carers.
2. Establish what learners already know and build on it by setting clear and
appropriate learning goals, explaining them, and creating secure foundations for subsequent learning.
appropriate learning goals, explaining them, and creating secure foundations for subsequent learning.
3. Structure and pace the learning experience to make it challenging and enjoyable by using a variety of teaching methods and creating learning opportunities within and beyond the classroom.
4. Inspire learning through passion for the subject by making it relevant to
wider contexts and other subjects and to the learners’ wider goals and concerns.
5. Make individuals active partners in their learning by building respectful teacher/learner relationships and using assessment for learning – student self-assessment and metacognition – and these to inform subsequent planning and practice.
6. Develop learning skills and personal qualities and particularly the ability to think systematically, manage information, learn from others and help others learn, together with confidence and self-discipline.
Policies to support school improvement should:
1. Focus systematically on teaching and learning with leadership at all levels
concentrating on raising standards and ensuring a rich curriculum for
all and with plans for development that are supported across and
beyond the school.
concentrating on raising standards and ensuring a rich curriculum for
all and with plans for development that are supported across and
beyond the school.
2. Base improvement activity on qualitative and quantitative evidence on
learners’ progress, motivation, needs and satisfaction and selecting priorities and setting goals through rigorous audit and evaluation of this evidence against benchmarks.
learners’ progress, motivation, needs and satisfaction and selecting priorities and setting goals through rigorous audit and evaluation of this evidence against benchmarks.
3. Built collective ownership and develop leadership by creating an improvement
team drawn from across the organization and developing the skills of leading and managing change at all levels.
team drawn from across the organization and developing the skills of leading and managing change at all levels.
4. Engage in collaboration with schools and colleges, community partners and other professional services that have strong mutual interests to widen the vision, increase resources and give access to new ideas and good practice.
5. Create time for staff to share good practice through collective enquiry, peer observation and coaching in order to make their performance consistent and effective across the curriculum.
6. Embed improvement in the organization’s systems and practices by making
consequential changes to spread the impact of the work and so making the improvement process self-sustaining
consequential changes to spread the impact of the work and so making the improvement process self-sustaining
Policies for system-wide reform should aim to:
1. Be based on clear values – a commitment to the success of every learner – with a ‘high-performance, high-equity’ education system delivering personalized learning and teaching skills developed by high-quality initial training and career-long continuing professional development.
2. Develop a system that is coherent for learners at every level by reflecting a clear and consistent strategic vision and organized to facilitate learning progression with appropriate choice of learning pathways.
3. Build frontline capacity by devolving funding to the local and aim for a system that is steadily transformed by leaders and teachers, supported by government.
4. Establish an intelligent accountability framework with clear national standards, ambitious targets, tests that support assessment for as well as of learning, inspection and transparent accountability based on sound data and incentives to raise achievement of all learners, support children at risk and celebrate success.
5. Strengthen diversity, collaboration and innovation by encouraging every school or college to aspire to be a centre of excellence with a distinct ethos and mission, extend choice, spread excellence and drive innovation.
6. Develop local and regional capacity for professional support and challenge by working strategically in partnership with national agencies, LEAs and other ‘middle-tier’ structures, higher education institutions as well as supporting and challenging leaders to improve continuously.
Unfortunately, few if any national education policies are informed by principles such as these. This may account for the lack of systemic reform seen in most countries. Indeed, my hypothesis would be that without a commitment to system reform and the integration of the three levels it is impossible to ensure that every school is a great school.
David Hopkins, (2007) obra citada
Fazer de cada escola uma grande escola
The aspiration of ‘every school a great school’, although easy to articulate, has, as Edmonds intimated, implications that challenge the resolve of many national and local governments. There seem to me to be at least three reasons why many governments find it difficult to take the phrase seriously and to regard it as more than empty rhetoric:• First, this is an avidly social justice agenda redolent with moral purpose and needs to be communicated as such. Sadly, many of our leaders feel uncomfortable talking about values that have concrete outcomes. Yet, without this, one cannot build a consensus for social change.
• Second, it places the focus of reform directly on enhancing teaching quality and classroom practice rather than structural change. Government policy implementation has mostly used the school as the unit of intervention. Yet, international research evidence such as PISA shows that
(a) the classroom is key in raising achievement and (b) the range of variation within any school dwarfs the difference between schools in the UK by a factor of three or four times.
(a) the classroom is key in raising achievement and (b) the range of variation within any school dwarfs the difference between schools in the UK by a factor of three or four times.
• And third, it requires a commitment to sustained, systemic change because a focus on individual school improvement always distorts social equity. The evidence from the charter school movement in the United States and grant-maintained schools in England suggests that although such initiatives raise standards for those involved, they tend to depress standards in surrounding schools. This is not at all to argue against school autonomy, but to caution that it should be done within inclusive and collaborative settings.
Hopkins, D. (2007). Every School a Great School - Realizing the potential oh system leadership.
Segunda-feira, Novembro 07, 2011
Lideranças Tóxicas
Como se sabe, há vários conceitos, tipos e perfis de liderança. Nas organizações escolares é relativamente consensual a vantagem da existência de uma liderança transformacional e inspiradora, que combata a ameaça da balcanização, da desconexão e as múltiplas forças centrífugas.
Mas nas escolas também podem existir lideranças tóxicas.
Texto integral no CE.
Mas nas escolas também podem existir lideranças tóxicas.
Texto integral no CE.
Memórias de Moçambique
Tempo de procura e perplexidade. Tempo certeza e inquietação. Tempo de crescimento e lentidão. Tempo de visão e intervenção. Tempo de construção de uma lusofonia exigente. Tempo de conhecimento e deslumbramento. Tempo de viagens e construção. Tempo de abraço.
Subscrever:
Mensagens (Atom)



